Guy Fawkes
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- Découvrir un aspect de la notion « Le passé dans le présent ».
- Comprendre ce que représente la conspiration des Poudres (« The Gunpowder Plot ») en Grande-Bretagne.
- La conspiration des Poudres est un complot organisé par 13 hommes dans la nuit du 4 au 5 novembre 1605, afin de faire exploser la Chambre des lords (« The House of Lords ») et de tuer le roi Jacques VI et Ier (James VI and I). Ce complot est déjoué lorsque Guy Fawkes allait mettre le feu aux poudres. Les 14 membres de la conspiration sont tués ou exécutés.
- De nos jours, à la même date que la conspiration, les Britanniques célèbrent l’échec de Guy Fawkes par des feux de joie et d’artifices.
- L’image de Fawkes est présente dans les cultures britannique et mondiale.
At the beginning of the 17th century, England and Ireland were ruled by King James I from 1603 to 1625, a convinced Presbyterian known for persecuting the Catholics.
James I ruled also over Scotland under the name of James VI (by that times, England and Scotland were two different countries ruled by two different monarch) from 1567 to 1625. He is the son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots who was once married to Francis II, King of France.
James VI and I, King of Scotland and
England.
In 1605, the Catholics, disappointed by the fact that James I would not give them religious tolerance, planned to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament. Led by Robert Catesby, a group of 13 men managed to bring in the cellars 36 barrels of powder destined to blow the House of Lords and its occupants to smithereens. Guy Fawkes, who had a ten-year military experience, was in charge of the explosives.
But shortly before the attempt, Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter warning him that he should not attend the ceremony on 5 November. One of the plotters, Francis Tresham, who was Lord Monteagle’s brother-in-law, was suspected of being the author of the letter though he always denied the accusation. Lord Monteagle showed the letter to the King and a plan was set to thwart the plot.
On 4 November around midnight, Guy Fawkes was
arrested whereas he was about to time the fuse. Though he
refused to betray his fellow conspirators and claimed he
was acting alone, they were arrested a few days
later.
Robert Catesby and some of his men who had fled London
were killed in a battle with the sheriff of Worcester,
and the eight survivors, including Fawkes, were hanged,
drawn and quartered.
The Gunpowder
Plot’s conspirators.
People in the UK and in former British colonies
celebrate Guy Fawkes’ night on November
5th. In fact, the Gunpowder Plot, or more
precisely the fact that King James VI and I was not
killed in the attempt, has been celebrated in England
since 1606.
It is now called Bonfire Night. Parades, fireworks and
bonfires spread everywhere, effigies of Guy Fawkes are
burnt on top of the fires. Children create
scarecrow-like effigies of Guy Fawkes and carry them
through the streets and ask passersby for
“ a penny for the guy ” and, as
nobody wants this event to be forgotten and remain
vivid in the memories, they recite the following
rhymes :
Gunpowder treason and plot
We see no reason
Why Gunpowder treason
Should ever be forgot…
The Bonfire Night. The British
celebrate the failure of blowing the Parliament with
fireworks. Ironic, isn’t it ?
Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot are so important in
England that a TV series, Gunpowder, was produced in
2017.
A film entitled V for Vendetta was released in 2006.
Guy Fawkes masks have become a symbol of protest all
over the world.
A Guy Fawkes mask
Last but not least, you must know that even today, more than 400 years after the failed attempt at reinstating a Catholic monarch in England, the cellars of the House of Parliament are searched by the Yeomen of the Guard (the Beefeaters) before the Queen arrives for the State Opening of Parliament which takes place annually in May. Who knows, there could be some barrels of gunpowder hidden somewhere ?
As you can see, people in England do not intend to
forget what happened – or could have happened
– on 5 November 1605.
4 centuries later, they take to the streets and
show their attachment to the Royal family, and this
will last for years and years to come.
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