Apartheid in South Africa
Découvrir la période de l'Apartheid en Afrique du Sud.
- Des colons hollandais, appelés Boers, fondent Le Cap en 1652. Ils sont bientôt rejoints par des colons britanniques.
- En afrikaans, langue dérivée du néerlandais, apartheid signifie développement séparé. Il s'agit d'une politique de ségrégation visant une séparations des différents groupes ethniques. Le pouvoir et l'économie restant entre les mains de la seule population blanche.
- Des territoires noirs sont mis en place, afin que la population de couleur ne se mêle pas aux blancs. Les personnes de couleur n'avaient aucun droit et vivaient dans des townships (ghettos).
- Les mouvements clandestins, tels que le Congrès national africain, ont travaillé au démantèlement de l'apartheid. Des militants noirs ont été arrêtés, torturés et tués.
- En 1989, Frederik W. De Klerk est élu président. Il libère le chef de l'ANC, Nelson Mandela et démarre des pourparlers pour la paix.
- Les premières élections où tous les Sud-Africains peuvent voter ont lieu en 1994 : Mandela est élu président de la République d'Afrique du Sud.
English settlers soon joined them and Cape Town became an important trading post on the route to India.
The end of the eighteenth century saw a
period of unrest, with wars between the
Boers and African tribes such as the
Bantus and the Zulus.
Cape Town became a British possession in 1814, and
the British began to settle in surrounding regions,
which were then called British South Africa.
The Boer war (1899-1902) was a conflict
between the British and the Boers.
Britain won.
This led to the setting up of the South African
Union in 1910. It was a British
dominion of the Commonwealth, with its own
government under British rule.
It remained so until the Republic of South
Africa was proclaimed in 1961.
In 1948, Afrikaaners were elected to
govern the dominion, and they implemented the
apartheid policy, which consisted in separating
the whites from other ethnic groups.
Tribal and traditional African ways were recognized by
the Black Authorities Act of 1951, and
allowed to develop in exclusively black
homelands.
In 1959, the Black Self-Government Act gave the basis
for the independence of the nine ethnic groups
identified in the country. Black homelands or
territories were set up, so that the colored
population would not mix with the whites.
Colored people had no rights, and lived in
townships (ghettos). They had to carry an
internal passport if they wished to travel
out of their homelands.
Finding decent jobs was very difficult
for them. Their schools and hospitals
were second-rate, and they lived in constant
fear of the white police and armed forces.
Apartheid meant total segregation between the races in South Africa, with the power and the economy firmly in the hands of the white population.
Meanwhile, black dissatisfaction was growing.
Clandestine movements, such as the African
National Congress, worked at dismantling
apartheid.
Black activists were arrested, tortured and killed.
Pressure from the United Nations and a
world-wide embargo on South African trade helped
the fight against apartheid.
Finally when Frederik W. De Klerk was elected president in 1989, he freed ANC leader Nelson Mandela and began peace talks with the black leaders.
The Manifesto for a New South Africa published
in 1991 meant the end of apartheid. De
Klerk and Mandela obtained the 1993 Nobel
Peace Prize for their work.
In 1994 after an election in which all
South Africans could vote for the first time ever,
Nelson Mandela was elected president of the
new Republic of South Africa.

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